Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 966 kt: 32% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (13%), Germany (12%) and the United Kingdom (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (14%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway138 kt (est. 14%)United States133 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan95 kt (est. 10%)Brazil63 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom58 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria50 kt (est. 5%)Libya47 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins210 kt (est. 22%)United Kingdom: no crude data98 kt (10%)India: no crude data31 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported25 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)307 kt (32%)Belgium129 kt (13%)Germany112 kt (12%)United Kingdom98 kt (10%)Spain97 kt (10%)Portugal49 kt (5%)Italy48 kt (5%)Sweden32 kt (3%)France32 kt (3%)India31 kt (3%)Finland29 kt (3%)Netherlands: petrol supply966 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- Portugal
- Italy
- Sweden
- Other (3)
- Norway138 kt (est. 14%)
- United States133 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan95 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil63 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom58 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria50 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya47 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins210 kt (est. 22%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data98 kt (10%)
- India: no crude data31 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported25 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 306,725 | 31.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 128,727 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 112,490 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 98,252 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 96,607 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 49,445 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 48,421 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 32,421 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 32,335 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: petrol supply | 31,497 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 29,011 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 98,252 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 59,900 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 55,180 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 48,548 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 43,327 | 44.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 40,079 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 35,276 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 35,170 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 31,497 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 28,660 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 25,496 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 24,602 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 24,034 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 22,631 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 21,013 | 72.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Germany | 20,028 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 19,494 | 39.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 18,623 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 18,613 | 37.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 18,452 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 18,212 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 17,692 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 17,269 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 15,702 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 15,176 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 13,392 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 12,348 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 12,229 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 11,390 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 9,865 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9,359 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 8,418 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 7,307 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 7,160 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 7,099 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 6,146 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 5,881 | 20.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Portugal | 5,711 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,431 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 5,121 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 5,105 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 4,912 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 4,760 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,293 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4,261 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4,119 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 4,013 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 3,988 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,656 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,407 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,750 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,638 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,346 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,314 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 2,117 | 7.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,004 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,639 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,195 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 973 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 928 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 777 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 715 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 592 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 535 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 528 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 464 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 440 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 315 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 249 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 113 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (98,252 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (31,497 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (25,496 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,846 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,062 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.