Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,866 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (12%) and Germany (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway322 kt (est. 17%)United States315 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan236 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom153 kt (est. 8%)Brazil138 kt (est. 7%)Iraq112 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria95 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins267 kt (est. 14%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported85 kt (5%)United Kingdom: no crude data77 kt (4%)Denmark: crude not from imports31 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported15 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data11 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.6 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.15 Mt (62%)Belgium233 kt (12%)Germany146 kt (8%)Spain88 kt (5%)Denmark84 kt (5%)United Kingdom77 kt (4%)Sweden44 kt (2%)France26 kt (1%)Norway8.5 kt (<1%)United States2.5 kt (<1%)Portugal2.2 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.87 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Denmark
- United Kingdom
- Sweden
- France
- Other (3)
- Norway322 kt (est. 17%)
- United States315 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan236 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom153 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil138 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq112 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria95 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins267 kt (est. 14%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported85 kt (5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data77 kt (4%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports31 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported15 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data11 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,154,715 | 61.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 232,856 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 145,598 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 87,559 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 84,457 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 77,352 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 44,230 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 25,687 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 8,506 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 2,514 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 2,242 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 217,635 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 200,997 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 163,731 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 111,535 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 111,399 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 105,961 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 93,349 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 84,768 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 77,352 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 65,340 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 60,985 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 52,045 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 45,817 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 44,127 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 41,345 | 47.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 30,532 | 36.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 28,748 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 24,484 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 23,995 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 22,148 | 50.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 20,039 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 19,769 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 18,426 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 15,443 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 15,157 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 14,282 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 12,239 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 10,050 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 10,043 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 9,891 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 9,074 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 8,506 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 8,499 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 7,876 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,504 | 29.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 6,459 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 6,010 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,928 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden | 5,785 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5,334 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 4,993 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 4,548 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 3,949 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,739 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3,717 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,944 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,789 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 2,514 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France | 2,332 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 2,046 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | France | 1,587 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1,496 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,344 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,042 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 1,026 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 685 | 30.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 515 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 427 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 383 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 316 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 302 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 185 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 170 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 57 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (84,768 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (77,352 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (30,532 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (14,742 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11,020 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,592 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.