Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,048 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from China (20%) and India (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%), Norway (11%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 42% cannot be traced.
Country
United States119 kt (est. 11%)Norway115 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan94 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom62 kt (est. 6%)Brazil58 kt (est. 6%)Iraq50 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria36 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins74 kt (est. 7%)China: no crude data209 kt (20%)India: no crude data127 kt (12%)South Korea: no crude data49 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported43 kt (4%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)580 kt (55%)China209 kt (20%)India127 kt (12%)South Korea49 kt (5%)Germany41 kt (4%)Belgium33 kt (3%)United Kingdom8.6 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.05 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- China
- India
- South Korea
- Germany
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- France
- Other (3)
- United States119 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway115 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan94 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom62 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil58 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq50 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria36 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins74 kt (est. 7%)
- China: no crude data209 kt (20%)
- India: no crude data127 kt (12%)
- South Korea: no crude data49 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported43 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 580,489 | 55.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 208,729 | 19.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 126,900 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 48,597 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 41,075 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 33,443 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 8,608 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China: no crude data | China | 208,729 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 126,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 109,408 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 101,044 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 82,309 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 56,070 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 56,002 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 53,268 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 48,597 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 46,928 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,614 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,847 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 12,449 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,759 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 8,608 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,475 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 6,907 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,580 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 5,577 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5,198 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 4,357 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,129 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,398 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2,222 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,051 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,822 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,758 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,303 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 851 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 537 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 145 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 17 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 29.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 8 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 6 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1 | 53.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 0 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 0 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 0 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 0 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 0 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 0 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- China: no crude data (208,729 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (126,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (48,597 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (42,614 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,633 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,249 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.