Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,085 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (13%), China (13%) and Belgium (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (12%), the United States (10%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 45% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway130 kt (est. 12%)United States114 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan99 kt (est. 9%)Brazil54 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom47 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria35 kt (est. 3%)Iraq34 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins81 kt (est. 7%)Kuwait: no crude data144 kt (13%)China: no crude data143 kt (13%)South Korea: no crude data96 kt (9%)Oman: no crude data60 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)483 kt (44%)Kuwait144 kt (13%)China143 kt (13%)Belgium116 kt (11%)South Korea96 kt (9%)Oman60 kt (6%)Germany33 kt (3%)United Kingdom5.5 kt (<1%)Italy5.5 kt (<1%)Singapore0.1 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.09 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- China
- Belgium
- South Korea
- Oman
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Other (3)
- Norway130 kt (est. 12%)
- United States114 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan99 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil54 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom47 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria35 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq34 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins81 kt (est. 7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data144 kt (13%)
- China: no crude data143 kt (13%)
- South Korea: no crude data96 kt (9%)
- Oman: no crude data60 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 482,520 | 44.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 143,810 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 142,980 | 13.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 116,276 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 95,536 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 60,434 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 32,653 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 5,488 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 5,460 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 143,810 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 142,980 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 99,003 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 95,536 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 94,491 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 72,289 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 60,434 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 46,230 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,840 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,324 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,568 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,835 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,940 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 26,762 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 25,003 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 21,672 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 14,611 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 9,631 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 8,949 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 6,868 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5,488 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 5,277 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,033 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4,595 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,340 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,269 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 3,059 | 56.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,036 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,427 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,910 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,482 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,346 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 769 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 756 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 581 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 493 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 447 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 381 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 211 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 194 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 193 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 66 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 50 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 27 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 25 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (143,810 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (142,980 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (95,536 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (60,434 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (29,835 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,376 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,563 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,972 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.