Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 980 kt: 35% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (18%), Germany (13%) and the United Kingdom (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (16%), the United States (13%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway160 kt (est. 16%)United States132 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan111 kt (est. 11%)Brazil53 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom51 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria46 kt (est. 5%)Iraq38 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins153 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom: no crude data91 kt (9%)Algeria: no crude data52 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data26 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)347 kt (35%)Belgium175 kt (18%)Germany129 kt (13%)United Kingdom91 kt (9%)Spain67 kt (7%)Algeria52 kt (5%)France35 kt (4%)Türkiye26 kt (3%)Sweden22 kt (2%)Finland18 kt (2%)Bulgaria18 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply980 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- Algeria
- France
- Türkiye
- Other (3)
- Norway160 kt (est. 16%)
- United States132 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan111 kt (est. 11%)
- Brazil53 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom51 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria46 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq38 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins153 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data91 kt (9%)
- Algeria: no crude data52 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data26 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 347,488 | 35.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 175,114 | 17.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 129,031 | 13.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 91,158 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 66,998 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 51,886 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 34,852 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,827 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 21,824 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 18,473 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 17,776 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 91,158 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 71,298 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 68,048 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 52,059 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 51,886 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 40,304 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 38,058 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 37,654 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 33,800 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,293 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 32,638 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,851 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 28,319 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 25,827 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 22,014 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 22,004 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 21,486 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 20,121 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 18,159 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 17,355 | 97.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 17,149 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 16,869 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 14,894 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13,478 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 13,343 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 11,999 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 11,015 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 10,343 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 9,589 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9,047 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 8,391 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8,161 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7,948 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 7,580 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 7,549 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 7,451 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 5,857 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,788 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,517 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,351 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,264 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,079 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 3,039 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | France | 2,568 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 2,251 | 12.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,152 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,148 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,097 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,027 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 1,328 | 7.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Brazil | France | 1,321 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,138 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 788 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 764 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 719 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 602 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 507 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 421 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 383 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 182 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (91,158 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (51,886 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (25,827 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (21,486 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (17,355 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (13,478 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,771 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,387 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.