Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,516 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (13%), Belgium (9%) and the United Kingdom (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway524 kt (est. 21%)United States440 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan319 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom174 kt (est. 7%)Brazil162 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria130 kt (est. 5%)Iraq112 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins320 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom: no crude data169 kt (7%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported91 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported27 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports21 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.2 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.57 Mt (62%)Germany326 kt (13%)Belgium229 kt (9%)United Kingdom169 kt (7%)Sweden97 kt (4%)France63 kt (2%)Denmark30 kt (1%)Spain21 kt (<1%)Norway8.2 kt (<1%)Portugal1.8 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.52 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Germany
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Sweden
- France
- Denmark
- Spain
- Other (3)
- Norway524 kt (est. 21%)
- United States440 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan319 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom174 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil162 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria130 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq112 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins320 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data169 kt (7%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported91 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported27 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports21 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,570,259 | 62.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 325,513 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 229,089 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 169,406 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 97,485 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 62,589 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 29,918 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 21,343 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 8,193 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 343,494 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 328,378 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 220,916 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 169,406 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 149,836 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 131,400 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 126,840 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 91,830 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 91,112 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 86,452 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 85,184 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 65,828 | 67.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 54,314 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 53,127 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 45,104 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 45,033 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 44,058 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 41,565 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 31,447 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 26,954 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 26,763 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 18,840 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 18,777 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 18,590 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 16,959 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 16,414 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 16,400 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 12,139 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 10,651 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10,291 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 9,732 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 8,666 | 29.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 8,193 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 8,114 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 8,065 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 7,515 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | France | 6,900 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 6,873 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 6,574 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 5,155 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,552 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,474 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 3,914 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 3,911 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 3,454 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,366 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 3,277 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 2,683 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,379 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,283 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1,750 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,474 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 972 | 54.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 879 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 492 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 377 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 304 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 282 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 267 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 252 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 122 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 94 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Portugal | 80 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 55 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 38 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (169,406 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (91,112 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (26,763 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (20,791 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,871 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,231 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.