Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,006 kt: 53% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from China (19%), the United Arab Emirates (14%) and Kuwait (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (12%), the United States (11%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 48% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway120 kt (est. 12%)United States114 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan78 kt (est. 8%)Brazil46 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom44 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria32 kt (est. 3%)Iraq30 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins55 kt (est. 6%)China: no crude data189 kt (19%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data144 kt (14%)Kuwait: no crude data122 kt (12%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported31 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)533 kt (53%)China189 kt (19%)United Arab Emirates144 kt (14%)Kuwait122 kt (12%)Belgium14 kt (1%)Germany4.6 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)South Korealess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.01 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- China
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- Belgium
- Germany
- France
- South Korea
- Norway120 kt (est. 12%)
- United States114 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan78 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil46 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom44 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria32 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq30 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins55 kt (est. 6%)
- China: no crude data189 kt (19%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data144 kt (14%)
- Kuwait: no crude data122 kt (12%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported31 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 532,995 | 53.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 189,066 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 144,089 | 14.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 121,533 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 13,898 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 4,624 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China: no crude data | China | 189,066 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 144,089 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 121,533 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 116,593 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 111,462 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 74,986 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 50,859 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 44,601 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 43,054 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 31,170 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,926 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,345 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,295 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,223 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,522 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,635 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,210 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,139 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,128 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 641 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 640 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 626 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 492 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 447 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 380 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 271 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 268 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 233 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 163 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 107 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 73 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 30 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 15 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- China: no crude data (189,066 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (144,089 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (121,533 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (30,926 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,519 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (270 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (15 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.