Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 975 kt: 21% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (21%), Belgium (14%) and Germany (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (11%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway162 kt (est. 17%)United States112 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom41 kt (est. 4%)Brazil39 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 4%)Libya35 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins143 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom: no crude data200 kt (21%)Türkiye: no crude data42 kt (4%)Norway: no crude data22 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)Belgium: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Germany: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)201 kt (21%)United Kingdom200 kt (21%)Belgium135 kt (14%)Germany126 kt (13%)France76 kt (8%)Finland65 kt (7%)Türkiye42 kt (4%)Italy40 kt (4%)Spain35 kt (4%)Denmark33 kt (3%)Norway22 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply975 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Germany
- France
- Finland
- Türkiye
- Italy
- Other (3)
- Norway162 kt (est. 17%)
- United States112 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan88 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom41 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil39 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya35 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins143 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data200 kt (21%)
- Türkiye: no crude data42 kt (4%)
- Norway: no crude data22 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 201,062 | 20.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 200,218 | 20.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 134,876 | 13.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 125,588 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 76,164 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 64,639 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 42,471 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 39,890 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 34,709 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 32,923 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: petrol supply | 22,436 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 200,218 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 49,846 | 77.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 43,982 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 42,471 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,047 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 32,026 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 31,278 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,255 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 28,287 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 24,471 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 22,436 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 22,384 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 19,794 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 17,750 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 17,402 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 17,374 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 17,206 | 49.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 16,998 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 16,825 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 16,241 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 15,869 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 14,772 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 13,792 | 34.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 12,962 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 12,133 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 11,758 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 11,666 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 11,055 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 10,945 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 10,710 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 10,326 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 9,759 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 9,536 | 29.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 8,875 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 8,397 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 8,000 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 7,115 | 11.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Germany | 6,333 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 5,702 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,474 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,254 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 4,942 | 7.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4,777 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 3,988 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,869 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 3,801 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,713 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,580 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,942 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,899 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Finland | 2,737 | 4.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,715 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,634 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2,129 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,989 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,926 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,580 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,430 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,158 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 476 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 458 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 434 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 307 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 241 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 215 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 199 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 114 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (200,218 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (42,471 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Norway: no crude data (22,436 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (19,285 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (11,666 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (11,055 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (10,326 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (114 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.