Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,952 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (11%) and Germany (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (18%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
United States382 kt (est. 20%)Norway360 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan266 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom142 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria118 kt (est. 6%)Brazil102 kt (est. 5%)Iraq94 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins224 kt (est. 11%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported89 kt (5%)United Kingdom: no crude data85 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude not from imports49 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported31 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.8 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.38 Mt (71%)Belgium212 kt (11%)Germany167 kt (9%)United Kingdom85 kt (4%)Spain42 kt (2%)Sweden38 kt (2%)Denmark21 kt (1%)France6.2 kt (<1%)Portugal2.7 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgarialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.95 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- Sweden
- Denmark
- France
- Other (3)
- United States382 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway360 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan266 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom142 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria118 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil102 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq94 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins224 kt (est. 11%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported89 kt (5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data85 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports49 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported31 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,376,299 | 70.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 212,160 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 167,421 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 85,404 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 41,735 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 38,209 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 21,385 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 6,176 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 2,721 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 307,160 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 247,118 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 201,657 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 117,332 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 108,766 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 98,485 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 88,868 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 85,404 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 80,602 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 76,979 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 52,172 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 49,333 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 47,630 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 43,639 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 37,260 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 29,119 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 25,836 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 25,797 | 67.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 24,168 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 22,311 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 20,345 | 48.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 16,849 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 16,811 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 16,221 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 14,174 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10,199 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 8,856 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 8,779 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 7,682 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 7,291 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 6,135 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 5,859 | 27.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,461 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,304 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 4,282 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,495 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 2,878 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,645 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,475 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 2,473 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,074 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,613 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 1,371 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1,202 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,158 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,127 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 976 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 970 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 788 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 782 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 755 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 671 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 542 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 499 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 318 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 227 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 148 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 147 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 80 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 67 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 34 | 89.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 20 | 50.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 5 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 4 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 1 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (88,868 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (85,404 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (49,333 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (30,508 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,793 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.