Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 893 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (14%), the South Korea (11%) and Oman (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 41% cannot be traced.
Country
United States126 kt (est. 14%)Norway108 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan87 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom47 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria40 kt (est. 5%)Brazil33 kt (est. 4%)Iraq32 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins54 kt (est. 6%)Kuwait: no crude data127 kt (14%)South Korea: no crude data103 kt (11%)Oman: no crude data77 kt (9%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported35 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)534 kt (60%)Kuwait127 kt (14%)South Korea103 kt (11%)Oman77 kt (9%)Belgium41 kt (5%)Germany10.0 kt (1%)Cyprus0.3 kt (<1%)Japan0.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Singaporeless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Slovenialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply893 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- South Korea
- Oman
- Belgium
- Germany
- Cyprus
- Japan
- Other (3)
- United States126 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway108 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan87 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom47 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria40 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil33 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq32 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins54 kt (est. 6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data127 kt (14%)
- South Korea: no crude data103 kt (11%)
- Oman: no crude data77 kt (9%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported35 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 534,469 | 59.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 127,142 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 102,608 | 11.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 77,497 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 40,704 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 9,999 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 127,142 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 119,282 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 102,608 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 95,965 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 78,311 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 77,497 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 45,564 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,238 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 38,246 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 34,511 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 31,301 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,894 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,158 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,009 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,138 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,149 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,587 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,233 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,719 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,606 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,957 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,543 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,443 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,332 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,004 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 969 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 671 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 529 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Cyprus | 323 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 266 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 216 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 158 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 148 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 53 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 13 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 4 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | France | 3 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (127,142 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (102,608 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (77,497 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (34,511 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (19,158 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,689 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (327 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (184 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (66 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.