Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 748 kt: 31% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (14%), Belgium (11%) and Germany (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway131 kt (est. 18%)United States105 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan74 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom38 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)Brazil36 kt (est. 5%)Iraq28 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins122 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom: no crude data101 kt (14%)Türkiye: no crude data32 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude not from imports8.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)230 kt (31%)United Kingdom101 kt (14%)Belgium82 kt (11%)Germany75 kt (10%)Spain71 kt (10%)France62 kt (8%)Finland60 kt (8%)Türkiye32 kt (4%)Denmark12 kt (2%)Italy12 kt (2%)Portugal9.4 kt (1%)Netherlands: petrol supply748 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- France
- Finland
- Türkiye
- Other (3)
- Norway131 kt (est. 18%)
- United States105 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan74 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom38 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil36 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq28 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins122 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data101 kt (14%)
- Türkiye: no crude data32 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports8.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 230,280 | 30.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 101,013 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 82,356 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 75,491 | 10.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 71,330 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 61,774 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 59,697 | 8.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 32,445 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 12,228 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 12,207 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 9,415 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 101,013 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 51,393 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 44,627 | 74.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 41,347 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 34,771 | 48.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,741 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 32,445 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 20,252 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 19,677 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,632 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 18,489 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 18,198 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 16,478 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 16,135 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 14,869 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 14,464 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 13,486 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 12,880 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 12,021 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 11,650 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 11,304 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 10,898 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 10,486 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 10,060 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 9,702 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 8,254 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 7,580 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 7,551 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 7,357 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 7,318 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 7,314 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 7,224 | 12.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | France | 6,716 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 6,541 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 6,108 | 50.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,502 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 5,173 | 8.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Iraq | France | 4,993 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 4,919 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 4,743 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 4,392 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 4,169 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,993 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,959 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,544 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 3,376 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 3,350 | 27.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 3,183 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 2,672 | 4.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,012 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,610 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,546 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,357 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 1,347 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,336 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,209 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,193 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,115 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 802 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 785 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 672 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 662 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 647 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 511 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 438 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 310 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 251 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy | 199 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 153 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 72 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (101,013 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (32,445 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (14,869 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (13,495 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (8,254 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,392 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.