Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,119 kt: 50% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (15%), Kuwait (14%) and Saudi Arabia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Norway (10%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 46% cannot be traced.
Country
United States150 kt (est. 13%)Norway117 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan95 kt (est. 8%)Iraq49 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom48 kt (est. 4%)Brazil42 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria39 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins64 kt (est. 6%)India: no crude data167 kt (15%)Kuwait: no crude data153 kt (14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data94 kt (8%)South Korea: no crude data53 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported32 kt (3%)China: no crude data15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)557 kt (50%)India167 kt (15%)Kuwait153 kt (14%)Saudi Arabia94 kt (8%)Belgium64 kt (6%)South Korea53 kt (5%)Germany17 kt (2%)China15 kt (1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Slovenialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.12 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- India
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- Belgium
- South Korea
- Germany
- China
- Other (3)
- United States150 kt (est. 13%)
- Norway117 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan95 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq49 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom48 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil42 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria39 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins64 kt (est. 6%)
- India: no crude data167 kt (15%)
- Kuwait: no crude data153 kt (14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data94 kt (8%)
- South Korea: no crude data53 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported32 kt (3%)
- China: no crude data15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 557,406 | 49.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 167,231 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 152,760 | 13.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 93,564 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 64,162 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 52,520 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 16,833 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 14,623 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 167,231 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 152,760 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 136,780 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 99,581 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 93,564 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 80,976 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 52,520 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 46,918 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 44,834 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 43,009 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,243 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 35,644 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,421 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 17,078 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 15,104 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 14,623 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 11,045 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 11,025 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 4,127 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,122 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,315 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,670 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,621 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,398 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,812 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,625 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,513 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 954 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 662 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 495 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 221 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 207 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 20 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 2 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2 | 49.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 0 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 0 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 0 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 0 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 0 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 0 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (167,231 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (152,760 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (93,564 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (52,520 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (32,421 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- China: no crude data (14,623 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,625 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (208 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (20 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (2 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.