Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 1,086 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (17%), Belgium (12%) and Finland (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (13%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway206 kt (est. 19%)United States137 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom54 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria43 kt (est. 4%)Iraq39 kt (est. 4%)Brazil37 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins164 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom: no crude data189 kt (17%)Türkiye: no crude data59 kt (5%)Algeria: no crude data34 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.6 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)258 kt (24%)United Kingdom189 kt (17%)Belgium133 kt (12%)Finland113 kt (10%)Germany107 kt (10%)Spain68 kt (6%)Türkiye59 kt (5%)France53 kt (5%)Italy42 kt (4%)Algeria34 kt (3%)Sweden30 kt (3%)Netherlands: petrol supply1.09 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Finland
- Germany
- Spain
- Türkiye
- France
- Other (3)
- Norway206 kt (est. 19%)
- United States137 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom54 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria43 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq39 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil37 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins164 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data189 kt (17%)
- Türkiye: no crude data59 kt (5%)
- Algeria: no crude data34 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 258,096 | 23.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 189,067 | 17.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 132,771 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 113,443 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 106,999 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 67,894 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 58,734 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 53,271 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 41,868 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 33,744 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 30,244 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 189,067 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 81,327 | 71.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 63,333 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 58,734 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 46,109 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,494 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 35,339 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 33,744 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 31,255 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 31,070 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 26,201 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 22,856 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 22,815 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 21,724 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 21,678 | 71.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 20,760 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 20,687 | 49.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,914 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 17,245 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 16,970 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 16,659 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 16,504 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 16,065 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 15,241 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 15,012 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 14,195 | 12.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 13,671 | 12.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 11,521 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 10,815 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 10,329 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 10,202 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 8,540 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 8,160 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 7,127 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 6,939 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 6,860 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 6,497 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 6,480 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 5,100 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,954 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,823 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 4,397 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 4,249 | 3.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Iraq | Germany | 4,211 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,965 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,490 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,417 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,308 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,143 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,131 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 2,539 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,975 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,631 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1,604 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,406 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,318 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 1,284 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,256 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1,000 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 926 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 664 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 643 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 583 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 539 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 483 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 476 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 471 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (189,067 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (58,734 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (33,744 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (15,012 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,576 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,618 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.