Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 836 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (34%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
United States133 kt (est. 16%)Norway115 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom44 kt (est. 5%)Iraq34 kt (est. 4%)Brazil34 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria33 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins64 kt (est. 8%)Kuwait: no crude data281 kt (34%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported36 kt (4%)Singapore: no crude data14 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)491 kt (59%)Kuwait281 kt (34%)Germany40 kt (5%)Singapore14 kt (2%)Belgium10 kt (1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)United Arab Emiratesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Slovenialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)South Korealess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply836 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Germany
- Singapore
- Belgium
- France
- United Arab Emirates
- Slovenia
- Other (3)
- United States133 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway115 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom44 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq34 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil34 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria33 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins64 kt (est. 8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data281 kt (34%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported36 kt (4%)
- Singapore: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 490,623 | 58.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 280,990 | 33.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 39,822 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 13,628 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 10,400 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 280,990 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 124,402 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 105,346 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 50,054 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,116 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,014 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 35,583 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,421 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,095 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,593 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 13,628 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11,797 | 29.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 6,400 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 6,036 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 5,937 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 4,407 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,409 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,236 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,080 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,374 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,367 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,186 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 907 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 790 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 681 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 638 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 427 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 329 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 198 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 48 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 44 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 37 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 36 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 25 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 20 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 16 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 15 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 13 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France | 10 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 8 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 3 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 0 | 48.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 0 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 0 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 0 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 0 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 0 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (280,990 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (35,583 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (13,628 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,368 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,213 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (81 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (36 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.