Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,040 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (17%), the United States (17%) and the United Kingdom (7%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway178 kt (est. 17%)United States176 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom73 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan57 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria53 kt (est. 5%)Brazil38 kt (est. 4%)Iraq36 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins128 kt (est. 12%)Kuwait: no crude data164 kt (16%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported55 kt (5%)Nigeria: no crude data48 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data35 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)732 kt (70%)Kuwait164 kt (16%)Nigeria48 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates35 kt (3%)Germany30 kt (3%)Belgium27 kt (3%)Italy3.0 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Ireland0.3 kt (<1%)Poland0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.04 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Nigeria
- United Arab Emirates
- Germany
- Belgium
- Italy
- France
- Other (8)
- Norway178 kt (est. 17%)
- United States176 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom73 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan57 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria53 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil38 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq36 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins128 kt (est. 12%)
- Kuwait: no crude data164 kt (16%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported55 kt (5%)
- Nigeria: no crude data48 kt (5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data35 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 732,341 | 70.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 163,938 | 15.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 48,350 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 34,511 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 30,040 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 27,398 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 2,972 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 165,154 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 163,938 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 161,808 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 110,920 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 67,698 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 54,765 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 51,080 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 49,294 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 48,350 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,182 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 34,511 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 34,441 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,192 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 10,187 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,444 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,422 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,913 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,373 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,689 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,274 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,641 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,915 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,874 | 63.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,581 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 928 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 834 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 718 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 473 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 439 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 415 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 296 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 219 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland | 208 | 76.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 197 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 183 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 111 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 82 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 72 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 59 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 47 | 400.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 43 | 56.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 42 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 41 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 37 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland | 32 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Ireland | 32 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 30 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Poland | 28 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 24 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 23 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 15 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 5 | 200.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 5 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 3 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 1 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (163,938 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (54,765 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Nigeria: no crude data (48,350 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (34,511 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (920 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (47 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (34 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (5 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.