Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 1,281 kt: 31% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (17%), Belgium (12%) and the United Kingdom (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway250 kt (est. 20%)United States213 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan79 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom76 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria74 kt (est. 6%)Brazil69 kt (est. 5%)Libya54 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins267 kt (est. 21%)United Kingdom: no crude data126 kt (10%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data21 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery1.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)398 kt (31%)Germany214 kt (17%)Belgium150 kt (12%)United Kingdom126 kt (10%)Spain100 kt (8%)France64 kt (5%)Portugal47 kt (4%)Finland44 kt (3%)Italy39 kt (3%)Sweden29 kt (2%)Other suppliers69 kt (5%)Netherlands: petrol supply1.28 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Germany
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- France
- Portugal
- Finland
- Other (23)
- Norway250 kt (est. 20%)
- United States213 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan79 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom76 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria74 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil69 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya54 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins267 kt (est. 21%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data126 kt (10%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data21 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 398,342 | 31.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 214,431 | 16.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 150,289 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 126,032 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 99,902 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Netherlands: petrol supply | 68,519 | 5.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 64,159 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 47,356 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 44,151 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 39,255 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 28,622 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 126,032 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 89,832 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 88,012 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 76,434 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 55,907 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 50,696 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 48,210 | 48.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 38,859 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 36,823 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 36,684 | 83.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Germany | 35,067 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,788 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 29,744 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 29,456 | 62.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 28,563 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,784 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 26,812 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 26,333 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 24,986 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 23,373 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 20,879 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 20,546 | 1,000.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 20,225 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 16,525 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 16,275 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 14,532 | 275.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 14,488 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 14,272 | 49.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 13,115 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 11,924 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 11,424 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 11,340 | 104.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 10,650 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,506 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 10,164 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 9,284 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 8,811 | 30.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 8,672 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 7,877 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 7,300 | 109.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 7,033 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 6,968 | 154.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 6,623 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 6,073 | 13.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 5,122 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 5,032 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 4,455 | 114.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | France | 4,293 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,906 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 3,837 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,756 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,717 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 3,585 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 3,373 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,897 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2,842 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 2,631 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,605 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,409 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 1,803 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 1,395 | 3.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 1,148 | 200.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 953 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 866 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 857 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 844 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 780 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 715 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 545 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 489 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 482 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 393 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 326 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 91 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 9 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 1 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (126,032 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (29,788 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (20,546 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (15,178 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,563 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (1,148 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.