Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 994 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway185 kt (est. 19%)United States164 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan84 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom81 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria50 kt (est. 5%)Brazil40 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins138 kt (est. 14%)Kuwait: no crude data146 kt (15%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported65 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)757 kt (76%)Kuwait146 kt (15%)Belgium37 kt (4%)Germany35 kt (4%)United Kingdom18 kt (2%)France0.3 kt (<1%)South Korea0.1 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.1 kt (<1%)Singapore0.1 kt (<1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply994 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- France
- South Korea
- Slovenia
- Other (7)
- Norway185 kt (est. 19%)
- United States164 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan84 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom81 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria50 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil40 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins138 kt (est. 14%)
- Kuwait: no crude data146 kt (15%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported65 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 756,906 | 76.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 146,382 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 36,765 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 35,165 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 17,993 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 164,693 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 153,183 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 146,382 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 120,443 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 75,327 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 74,188 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,554 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 46,436 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,113 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 18,969 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 17,993 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 14,183 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11,789 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,926 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,580 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,571 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5,423 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4,519 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,088 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,765 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,119 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,777 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,684 | 4.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 965 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 919 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 906 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 527 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 188 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 90 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 88 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 87 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 81 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 50 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 45 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 34 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 23 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 21 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | France | 17 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 14 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 11 | 164.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 7 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 5 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 4 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 2 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 2 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 2 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 1 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 1 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 0 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (146,382 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (64,554 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (17,993 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,684 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (165 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (83 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.