Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,183 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (31%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (25%), the United States (22%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway540 kt (est. 25%)United States475 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan224 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom180 kt (est. 8%)Brazil115 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria94 kt (est. 4%)Guyana49 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins387 kt (est. 18%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported91 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports22 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.29 Mt (59%)Belgium682 kt (31%)Denmark88 kt (4%)Germany62 kt (3%)Sweden35 kt (2%)Spain23 kt (1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Greeceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.18 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Denmark
- Germany
- Sweden
- Spain
- United States
- Greece
- Other (9)
- Norway540 kt (est. 25%)
- United States475 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan224 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom180 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil115 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria94 kt (est. 4%)
- Guyana49 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins387 kt (est. 18%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported91 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports22 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,292,067 | 59.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 682,221 | 31.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 87,685 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 62,459 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 34,642 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 23,435 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 316,810 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 260,477 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 248,012 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 243,904 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 123,040 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 110,358 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 93,970 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 93,813 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 93,095 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 90,918 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 90,652 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 55,638 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 48,482 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 42,871 | 48.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 41,539 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 41,210 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 20,526 | 23.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 18,242 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 17,804 | 51.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 17,405 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 15,939 | 25.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 12,533 | 53.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 12,217 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 11,155 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 8,597 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7,795 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 6,402 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 4,990 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,965 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,882 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 3,567 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,923 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,674 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 2,479 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,012 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,010 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,895 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 1,775 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 902 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 898 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 862 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Spain | 848 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 622 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 366 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 348 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 87 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 40 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4 | 53.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 3 | 177.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 2 | 101.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2 | 62.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 2 | 101.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 1 | 48.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 1 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 71.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Poland | 1 | 37.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 1 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Greece | 1 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 1 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 0 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 0 | 39.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Other suppliers | 0 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 0 | 12.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 0 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Greece | 0 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 0 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 0 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Poland | 0 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Poland | 0 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 0 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (90,918 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (22,423 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,965 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (40 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (1 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.