Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,158 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (13%) and Belgium (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
United States224 kt (est. 19%)Norway190 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan92 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom77 kt (est. 7%)Brazil57 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 3%)Canada26 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins165 kt (est. 14%)United States: no crude data154 kt (13%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported52 kt (5%)Canada: no crude data52 kt (4%)United Kingdom: no crude data26 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)742 kt (64%)United States154 kt (13%)Belgium106 kt (9%)Canada52 kt (4%)Germany50 kt (4%)Ireland28 kt (2%)United Kingdom26 kt (2%)South Korea0.1 kt (<1%)Japan0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.16 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United States
- Belgium
- Canada
- Germany
- Ireland
- United Kingdom
- South Korea
- Other (13)
- United States224 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway190 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan92 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom77 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil57 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 3%)
- Canada26 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins165 kt (est. 14%)
- United States: no crude data154 kt (13%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported52 kt (5%)
- Canada: no crude data52 kt (4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data26 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 742,394 | 64.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 153,543 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 105,824 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Canada | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 51,836 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 50,021 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 27,773 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 26,100 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 182,032 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 153,543 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 142,503 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 131,411 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 70,696 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 63,409 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 53,993 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 52,240 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada: no crude data | Canada | 51,836 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 37,834 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,857 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 26,100 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland | 18,984 | 68.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 18,866 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands (own refineries) | 18,254 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 14,732 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 14,441 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 14,062 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 9,784 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 8,934 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 8,630 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6,885 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 6,392 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 5,127 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Ireland | 3,348 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Ireland | 3,343 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,700 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 2,130 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland | 2,098 | 7.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Canada | Germany | 2,029 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,517 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 770 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 719 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 293 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 121 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 68 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 23 | 55.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 13 | 304.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 11 | 200.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 7 | 165.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 6 | 147.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 6 | 111.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 5 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 4 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 2 | 56.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 2 | 30.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 1 | 58.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain | 1 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 1 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (153,543 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (52,240 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Canada: no crude data (51,836 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (26,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,618 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (770 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (189 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (11 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.