Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 1,030 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (13%), the United Kingdom (11%) and Germany (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (16%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway200 kt (est. 19%)United States164 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan78 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom63 kt (est. 6%)Brazil50 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria34 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia33 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins182 kt (est. 18%)United Kingdom: no crude data115 kt (11%)United States: no crude data37 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)Other suppliers: no crude data17 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no refinery15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)382 kt (37%)Belgium133 kt (13%)United Kingdom115 kt (11%)Germany96 kt (9%)Spain60 kt (6%)United States37 kt (4%)Sweden36 kt (4%)Finland36 kt (4%)Lithuania33 kt (3%)Portugal19 kt (2%)Other suppliers84 kt (8%)Netherlands: petrol supply1.03 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Spain
- United States
- Sweden
- Finland
- Other (23)
- Norway200 kt (est. 19%)
- United States164 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan78 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom63 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil50 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria34 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia33 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins182 kt (est. 18%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data115 kt (11%)
- United States: no crude data37 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported27 kt (3%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data17 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 381,948 | 37.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 132,963 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 115,004 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 95,680 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Netherlands: petrol supply | 83,809 | 8.1% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 60,089 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: petrol supply | 36,767 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 36,127 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 36,124 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Netherlands: petrol supply | 32,566 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 19,201 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 115,004 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 93,652 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 73,315 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 67,638 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 47,536 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 36,767 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 36,372 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,623 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 31,411 | 52.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 29,544 | 30.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,779 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 27,084 | 75.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 26,876 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 24,437 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 18,715 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 18,568 | 51.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 18,144 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 17,668 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 17,088 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 16,974 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 14,708 | 400.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 14,332 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 14,207 | 43.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 14,091 | 407.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 13,170 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 10,844 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 10,773 | 178.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 10,416 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 9,807 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 9,362 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 9,293 | 48.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 8,129 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 8,032 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 7,494 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 7,378 | 400.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Spain | 6,856 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 6,069 | 16.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 5,801 | 136.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 5,159 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,154 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5,092 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 5,070 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 4,514 | 100.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 3,482 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,392 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 2,994 | 91.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Finland | 2,971 | 8.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,903 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 2,899 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,729 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 2,516 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,499 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 2,303 | 118.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 2,140 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1,943 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 1,879 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 1,746 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,376 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 1,213 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 1,193 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 1,146 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 968 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 941 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 899 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 893 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 664 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 561 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 539 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 322 | 117.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 223 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (115,004 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (36,767 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (26,876 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (16,974 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (14,708 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,648 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (7,378 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,289 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.