Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,102 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (18%) and Nigeria (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
United States194 kt (est. 18%)Norway132 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan80 kt (est. 7%)Brazil57 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom56 kt (est. 5%)Libya23 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria19 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins133 kt (est. 12%)United States: no crude data196 kt (18%)Nigeria: no crude data108 kt (10%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported59 kt (5%)United Kingdom: no crude data37 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data6.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)673 kt (61%)United States196 kt (18%)Nigeria108 kt (10%)Belgium38 kt (3%)United Kingdom37 kt (3%)Italy26 kt (2%)Germany17 kt (2%)Malaysia6.1 kt (<1%)France0.7 kt (<1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.10 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United States
- Nigeria
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Germany
- Malaysia
- Other (7)
- United States194 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway132 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan80 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil57 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom56 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya23 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria19 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins133 kt (est. 12%)
- United States: no crude data196 kt (18%)
- Nigeria: no crude data108 kt (10%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported59 kt (5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data37 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data6.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 673,415 | 61.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 195,841 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 108,083 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 38,002 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 36,857 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 25,942 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 17,026 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 6,103 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 195,841 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 181,523 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 117,040 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 112,151 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 108,083 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 67,876 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 59,202 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 53,375 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 51,731 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 36,857 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 16,563 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 13,954 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 11,526 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,208 | 35.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,741 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,139 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 6,103 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,436 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,185 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,476 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,863 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,784 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,150 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,905 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,682 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,661 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,282 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,577 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,505 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,341 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,120 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 855 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 731 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 645 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 583 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 466 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 425 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 370 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 158 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 158 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 154 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 153 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 141 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 70 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 62 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 54 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 27 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 18 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 16 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 12 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 11 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 8 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 4 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 3 | 142.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 1 | 38.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 1 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 0 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 0 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 0 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 0 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 0 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (195,841 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (108,083 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (59,202 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (36,857 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,131 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,020 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (744 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (4 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.