Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 946 kt: 40% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (14%), Germany (9%) and Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (19%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway180 kt (est. 19%)United States176 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 8%)Brazil54 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom52 kt (est. 6%)Libya34 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins160 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom: no crude data130 kt (14%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported33 kt (3%)Other suppliers: no crude data10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)375 kt (40%)United Kingdom130 kt (14%)Germany82 kt (9%)Belgium78 kt (8%)Finland65 kt (7%)Sweden44 kt (5%)Spain39 kt (4%)France28 kt (3%)Portugal26 kt (3%)Italy24 kt (3%)Other suppliers55 kt (6%)Netherlands: petrol supply946 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Belgium
- Finland
- Sweden
- Spain
- France
- Other (19)
- Norway180 kt (est. 19%)
- United States176 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil54 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom52 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins160 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data130 kt (14%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported33 kt (3%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 375,356 | 39.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 129,530 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 82,284 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 77,519 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 64,772 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Netherlands: petrol supply | 54,937 | 5.8% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 43,506 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 39,328 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 28,442 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 26,482 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 24,216 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 129,530 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 101,179 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 65,237 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 62,512 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 43,861 | 67.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,834 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,999 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,751 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 28,835 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 23,512 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 20,819 | 47.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 18,669 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 18,290 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 17,250 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 15,791 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 12,986 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 12,961 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 12,862 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 12,434 | 19.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Belgium | 11,089 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 11,029 | 163.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,578 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 10,278 | 138.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 10,214 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 10,156 | 500.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 9,232 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 8,595 | 35.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 8,477 | 13.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 7,778 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7,760 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 7,624 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 7,614 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 7,273 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,369 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,341 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,925 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 5,885 | 336.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,777 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 5,770 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,731 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,662 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5,526 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 4,655 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,451 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,178 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,031 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 3,686 | 51.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,679 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,398 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,940 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,813 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 2,760 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,736 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 2,640 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,510 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 2,483 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,168 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,055 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,788 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal | 1,748 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,743 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,491 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 1,210 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 1,149 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1,101 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,046 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 737 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 710 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 602 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 594 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 545 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 438 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 435 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 412 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 370 | 200.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 329 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 285 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 148 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 144 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 74 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 68 | 56.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 7 | 107.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (129,530 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (32,999 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (10,214 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (10,156 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,008 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,919 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (370 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.