Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,663 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (11%), the United States (9%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (33%), Saudi Arabia (32%) and the United States (9%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway545 kt (est. 33%)Saudi Arabia537 kt (est. 32%)United States150 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom70 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan48 kt (est. 3%)Iraq24 kt (est. 1%)Libya24 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins66 kt (est. 4%)United States: no crude data152 kt (9%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported42 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.5 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)998 kt (60%)Germany188 kt (11%)United States152 kt (9%)Netherlands124 kt (7%)Sweden115 kt (7%)Belgium38 kt (2%)Lithuania38 kt (2%)Hungary6.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia3.6 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.66 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- United States
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Belgium
- Lithuania
- Hungary
- Other (1)
- Norway545 kt (est. 33%)
- Saudi Arabia537 kt (est. 32%)
- United States150 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom70 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan48 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq24 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya24 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins66 kt (est. 4%)
- United States: no crude data152 kt (9%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported42 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jun 2024)
38.3 thousand tonnes
2% of Poland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins9.3 kt (est. 24%)
- United States6.8 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan5.7 kt (est. 15%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 998,197 | 60.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 188,029 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 151,872 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 124,439 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 115,166 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Poland: road diesel supply | 38,324 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 37,737 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: road diesel supply | 5,966 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 3,578 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 502,807 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 406,813 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 151,872 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 66,228 | 57.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 56,750 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 38,211 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 32,708 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 28,988 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 28,780 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 26,534 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 21,880 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 19,630 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 19,388 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 17,847 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 17,830 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 16,799 | 44.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 15,188 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 14,986 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 14,928 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 13,279 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 11,935 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 11,141 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 11,074 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 10,393 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,293 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 8,593 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 7,960 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 7,516 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,797 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 6,551 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 6,503 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 5,891 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,658 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,359 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,291 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 4,546 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4,270 | 71.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 3,257 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,893 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 2,839 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 2,816 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,701 | 75.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 2,696 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,711 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,374 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 884 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 877 | 24.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 812 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 145 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 84 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (151,872 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (41,754 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,464 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.