Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,665 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (12%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (30%), Saudi Arabia (27%) and the United Kingdom (8%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway505 kt (est. 30%)Saudi Arabia447 kt (est. 27%)United Kingdom125 kt (est. 8%)United States107 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria78 kt (est. 5%)Guyana50 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins157 kt (est. 9%)United States: no crude data59 kt (4%)Poland: crude not from imports40 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)Poland: crude origin not reported21 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.7 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)1.10 Mt (66%)Germany207 kt (12%)Netherlands124 kt (7%)Finland66 kt (4%)United States59 kt (4%)Sweden52 kt (3%)Lithuania34 kt (2%)Denmark14 kt (<1%)Czechia6.4 kt (<1%)Hungary3.8 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.5 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.67 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Finland
- United States
- Sweden
- Lithuania
- Denmark
- Other (3)
- Norway505 kt (est. 30%)
- Saudi Arabia447 kt (est. 27%)
- United Kingdom125 kt (est. 8%)
- United States107 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria78 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana50 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan46 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins157 kt (est. 9%)
- United States: no crude data59 kt (4%)
- Poland: crude not from imports40 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported21 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Road diesel supplied (Jul 2025)
65.8 thousand tonnes
4% of Poland's road diesel supply
OfficialEstimated
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Norway48 kt (est. 72%)
- United States13 kt (est. 20%)
- Other crude origins4.8 kt (est. 7%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,098,350 | 66.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 207,258 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 123,960 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Poland: road diesel supply | 65,807 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 58,745 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 52,487 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 33,846 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Poland: road diesel supply | 14,021 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: road diesel supply | 6,359 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: road diesel supply | 3,756 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 428,717 | 39.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 357,258 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 76,005 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 74,610 | 36.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 65,000 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 58,745 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 47,665 | 72.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Guyana | Poland (own refineries) | 43,132 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 40,362 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 36,102 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 33,997 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 31,032 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 28,990 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 28,931 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 27,958 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 24,674 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 24,208 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 22,751 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 20,742 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 19,620 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,197 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 14,256 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 13,464 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Finland | 13,339 | 20.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Lithuania | 13,283 | 39.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 10,304 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 9,861 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 8,291 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,360 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 6,496 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 6,455 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 5,132 | 36.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 5,129 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 5,110 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 5,048 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 4,802 | 7.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 4,568 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,264 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,414 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,113 | 82.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 3,024 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 2,727 | 42.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,889 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,576 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 959 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 881 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 862 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 752 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 525 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 420 | 90.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 366 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 337 | 9.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 307 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 45 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (58,745 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Poland: crude not from imports (40,362 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23,768 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Poland: crude origin not reported (20,742 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,745 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.