Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,318 kt: 58% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (12%), Lithuania (9%) and the United States (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (35%), Norway (20%) and the United States (10%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia462 kt (est. 35%)Norway265 kt (est. 20%)United States128 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria57 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom56 kt (est. 4%)Algeria34 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins81 kt (est. 6%)United States: no crude data79 kt (6%)Poland: crude not from imports51 kt (4%)Poland: crude origin not reported32 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)Denmark: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.7 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)763 kt (58%)Germany162 kt (12%)Lithuania114 kt (9%)United States79 kt (6%)Netherlands74 kt (6%)Finland66 kt (5%)Denmark33 kt (2%)Czechia17 kt (1%)Hungary6.4 kt (<1%)Slovakia4.4 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.32 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Lithuania
- United States
- Netherlands
- Finland
- Denmark
- Czechia
- Other (2)
- Saudi Arabia462 kt (est. 35%)
- Norway265 kt (est. 20%)
- United States128 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria57 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom56 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria34 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins81 kt (est. 6%)
- United States: no crude data79 kt (6%)
- Poland: crude not from imports51 kt (4%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported32 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Feb 2025)
74.4 thousand tonnes
6% of Poland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States19 kt (est. 26%)
- Other crude origins16 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway13 kt (est. 17%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 763,451 | 57.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 162,499 | 12.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 113,963 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 78,563 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 74,374 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Poland: road diesel supply | 65,560 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Poland: road diesel supply | 32,573 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: road diesel supply | 16,518 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: road diesel supply | 6,389 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 4,401 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 387,162 | 50.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 132,818 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 78,563 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 72,638 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 71,875 | 63.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 60,680 | 92.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 50,646 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 49,665 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 39,620 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 32,138 | 4.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 31,696 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 25,852 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 24,403 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 20,609 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 19,493 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 19,269 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 19,246 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 17,309 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 16,493 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 16,432 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 14,206 | 86.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Poland (own refineries) | 13,980 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 13,260 | 40.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,842 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 9,876 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,670 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,309 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 7,809 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,951 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4,890 | 76.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 4,651 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,563 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 4,013 | 91.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 2,655 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,445 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 2,431 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,150 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 1,609 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 1,475 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,463 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,012 | 15.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,011 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 881 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 751 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 628 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 487 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 250 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 162 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 138 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 96 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (78,563 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Poland: crude not from imports (50,646 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Poland: crude origin not reported (32,138 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (20,609 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (13,260 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,056 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,668 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.