Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,588 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (12%), Sweden (8%) and Germany (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (45%), Saudi Arabia (25%) and the United States (12%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway714 kt (est. 45%)Saudi Arabia393 kt (est. 25%)United States194 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom48 kt (est. 3%)Iraq26 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins75 kt (est. 5%)Poland: crude not from imports38 kt (2%)United States: no crude data18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)987 kt (62%)Netherlands188 kt (12%)Sweden128 kt (8%)Germany117 kt (7%)Finland98 kt (6%)Lithuania39 kt (2%)United States18 kt (1%)Slovakia9.8 kt (<1%)Czechia1.5 kt (<1%)Hungary1.5 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.59 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Germany
- Finland
- Lithuania
- United States
- Slovakia
- Other (2)
- Norway714 kt (est. 45%)
- Saudi Arabia393 kt (est. 25%)
- United States194 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom48 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq26 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins75 kt (est. 5%)
- Poland: crude not from imports38 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2023)
986.6 thousand tonnes
62% of Poland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Norway502 kt (est. 51%)
- Saudi Arabia360 kt (est. 37%)
- United States84 kt (est. 9%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 986,636 | 62.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 187,770 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 128,218 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 116,519 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Poland: road diesel supply | 98,310 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 39,250 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 18,489 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 9,757 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 502,472 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 360,353 | 36.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 83,969 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 77,339 | 60.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 75,648 | 76.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 46,216 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 37,857 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 33,641 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 28,407 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 22,970 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 22,037 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 20,442 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 19,807 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 18,512 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 18,489 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 15,540 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 15,484 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 15,283 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 14,682 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 14,090 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 13,531 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 13,333 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,080 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 10,798 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 9,962 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 9,757 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 9,088 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 8,066 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,056 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 6,673 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,834 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 4,909 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 4,888 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,737 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 4,240 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 3,750 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,665 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 3,629 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,907 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 1,984 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 1,365 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,223 | 81.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,181 | 79.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 460 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 239 | 16.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Czechia | 134 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 88 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 72 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 56 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (37,857 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (18,489 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (18,327 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (14,350 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.