Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,664 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (13%), the United States (7%) and the Netherlands (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (33%), Norway (30%) and the United States (6%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia543 kt (est. 33%)Norway495 kt (est. 30%)United States102 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom96 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan56 kt (est. 3%)Libya30 kt (est. 2%)Iraq24 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins64 kt (est. 4%)United States: no crude data118 kt (7%)Poland: crude not from imports98 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported27 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.5 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)1.17 Mt (70%)Germany216 kt (13%)United States118 kt (7%)Netherlands84 kt (5%)Sweden66 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates5.5 kt (<1%)Slovakia3.2 kt (<1%)Hungary0.3 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.66 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- United States
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- United Arab Emirates
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- Saudi Arabia543 kt (est. 33%)
- Norway495 kt (est. 30%)
- United States102 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom96 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan56 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya30 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq24 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins64 kt (est. 4%)
- United States: no crude data118 kt (7%)
- Poland: crude not from imports98 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported27 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2024)
1.17 million tonnes
70% of Poland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Saudi Arabia533 kt (est. 46%)
- Norway402 kt (est. 34%)
- Poland: crude not from imports98 kt (8%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,171,144 | 70.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 216,004 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 117,585 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 84,063 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 65,841 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Poland: road diesel supply | 5,481 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 3,171 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 533,088 | 45.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 401,661 | 34.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 117,585 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 97,901 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 64,375 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 47,344 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 40,390 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 38,530 | 58.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 35,033 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 32,351 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 26,029 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 24,419 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland (own refineries) | 23,581 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 18,769 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 18,573 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 18,337 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 16,392 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,037 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 14,015 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,666 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,173 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 7,480 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,117 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,639 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 6,410 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 5,481 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 4,780 | 7.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,425 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 4,092 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 3,982 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 3,622 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 3,194 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,838 | 89.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,942 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,127 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 578 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 333 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 255 | 75.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 44 | 13.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 39 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (117,585 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Poland: crude not from imports (97,901 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (27,064 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,285 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,481 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.