Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,665 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (9%), the Netherlands (6%) and the United States (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (31%), Norway (28%) and the United States (9%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia516 kt (est. 31%)Norway459 kt (est. 28%)United States150 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria111 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom51 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 1%)Libya19 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins70 kt (est. 4%)United States: no crude data87 kt (5%)India: no crude data58 kt (3%)Poland: crude not from imports39 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data39 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported32 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)1.08 Mt (65%)Germany148 kt (9%)Netherlands96 kt (6%)United States87 kt (5%)Lithuania74 kt (4%)Sweden61 kt (4%)India58 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia39 kt (2%)Hungary19 kt (1%)Slovakia2.5 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.67 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Netherlands
- United States
- Lithuania
- Sweden
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Other (2)
- Saudi Arabia516 kt (est. 31%)
- Norway459 kt (est. 28%)
- United States150 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria111 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom51 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya19 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins70 kt (est. 4%)
- United States: no crude data87 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data58 kt (3%)
- Poland: crude not from imports39 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data39 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported32 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jan 2024)
2.5 thousand tonnes
<1% of Poland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins2.3 kt (est. 92%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom0.1 kt (est. 2%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,080,000 | 64.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 148,284 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 96,200 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 87,485 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 74,248 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 61,127 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Poland: road diesel supply | 57,878 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland: road diesel supply | 38,678 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: road diesel supply | 18,916 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 2,526 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 486,909 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 363,031 | 33.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 87,747 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 87,485 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 68,821 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 57,878 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 39,081 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 38,678 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Germany | 34,125 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 30,225 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 30,073 | 49.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 27,447 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 27,296 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 24,752 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 24,093 | 32.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 21,128 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 17,205 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 15,771 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 15,485 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 15,435 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 14,059 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 13,756 | 72.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 11,725 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 11,685 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,115 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 9,062 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 8,497 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 8,318 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,219 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 8,145 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 6,099 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,741 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,832 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,632 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 3,583 | 18.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 3,413 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 3,216 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 3,153 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2,976 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 2,846 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 2,702 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,324 | 92.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 1,721 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 1,577 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,254 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,153 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 672 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 141 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 61 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (87,485 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (57,878 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Poland: crude not from imports (39,081 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (38,678 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (31,542 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (12,795 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.