Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,447 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (12%) and Lithuania (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (37%), Norway (19%) and the United States (11%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia530 kt (est. 37%)Norway275 kt (est. 19%)United States155 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria66 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom57 kt (est. 4%)Algeria34 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins95 kt (est. 7%)Poland: crude origin not reported77 kt (5%)United States: no crude data40 kt (3%)Poland: crude not from imports36 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports22 kt (1%)Germany: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)937 kt (65%)Germany171 kt (12%)Lithuania90 kt (6%)Sweden66 kt (5%)Netherlands55 kt (4%)United States40 kt (3%)Denmark34 kt (2%)Belgium33 kt (2%)Hungary13 kt (<1%)Czechia5.6 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.5 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.45 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Lithuania
- Sweden
- Netherlands
- United States
- Denmark
- Belgium
- Other (3)
- Saudi Arabia530 kt (est. 37%)
- Norway275 kt (est. 19%)
- United States155 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria66 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom57 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria34 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins95 kt (est. 7%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported77 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data40 kt (3%)
- Poland: crude not from imports36 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports22 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported15 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported14 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
154.6 thousand tonnes
est. 11% of Poland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported155 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Poland (own refineries)86 kt (est. 56%)
- Germany27 kt (est. 18%)
- Netherlands15 kt (est. 10%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 937,372 | 64.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 171,364 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 90,300 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 66,364 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 54,673 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 40,406 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Poland: road diesel supply | 33,709 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Poland: road diesel supply | 33,231 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: road diesel supply | 12,525 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: road diesel supply | 5,557 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,521 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 471,615 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 164,280 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 85,827 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 77,119 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 58,029 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 55,682 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 45,605 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 40,406 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 35,656 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 35,452 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 30,162 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 28,512 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 27,472 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 21,671 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 20,555 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 16,339 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Poland (own refineries) | 16,335 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 14,873 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 14,825 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 14,063 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 13,728 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 13,274 | 39.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,996 | 33.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 9,933 | 29.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 9,892 | 14.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 9,489 | 75.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 9,015 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 8,442 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 7,739 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,375 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,003 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 6,152 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 5,821 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5,228 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,847 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4,804 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 4,770 | 85.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 4,421 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,332 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3,287 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 3,210 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,066 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,447 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 2,425 | 19.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,902 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 1,487 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,439 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,374 | 90.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,363 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,303 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 797 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 713 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 611 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 342 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 298 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 85 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 75 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 63 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude origin not reported (77,119 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (40,406 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Poland: crude not from imports (35,656 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (21,625 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (14,873 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (14,397 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.