Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,618 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (12%), Sweden (8%) and Germany (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (39%), Saudi Arabia (24%) and the United States (10%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway625 kt (est. 39%)Saudi Arabia394 kt (est. 24%)United States168 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria105 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom77 kt (est. 5%)Iraq27 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins65 kt (est. 4%)Poland: crude not from imports87 kt (5%)United States: no crude data18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.7 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)1.02 Mt (63%)Netherlands188 kt (12%)Sweden128 kt (8%)Germany117 kt (7%)Finland98 kt (6%)Lithuania39 kt (2%)United States18 kt (1%)Slovakia9.8 kt (<1%)Czechia1.5 kt (<1%)Hungary1.5 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.62 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Germany
- Finland
- Lithuania
- United States
- Slovakia
- Other (2)
- Norway625 kt (est. 39%)
- Saudi Arabia394 kt (est. 24%)
- United States168 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria105 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom77 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq27 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins65 kt (est. 4%)
- Poland: crude not from imports87 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,016,753 | 62.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 187,770 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 128,218 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 116,519 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Poland: road diesel supply | 98,310 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 39,250 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 18,489 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 9,757 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 405,914 | 39.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 359,233 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 86,947 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 81,884 | 63.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 75,770 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 72,772 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 71,448 | 72.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 44,301 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 35,092 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 28,168 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 23,302 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 22,993 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 21,429 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 18,489 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 17,322 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 16,171 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 15,163 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 15,092 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 14,859 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 14,800 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 14,695 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 13,667 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 13,518 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 12,315 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 12,207 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 11,559 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 10,545 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 10,362 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 9,751 | 99.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 8,732 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 7,640 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7,112 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 6,394 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 6,034 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,873 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,853 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 4,302 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 4,132 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,739 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 3,330 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,125 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,297 | 86.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,082 | 72.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 1,024 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 276 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 133 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 128 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 49 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 27 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (86,947 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (18,489 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (17,615 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,736 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.