Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Poland's petrol supply was 530 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (13%) and Czechia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (34%), Saudi Arabia (29%) and the United States (8%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway183 kt (est. 34%)Saudi Arabia154 kt (est. 29%)United States44 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria34 kt (est. 6%)Russia23 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom14 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan9.9 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 6%)Poland: crude not from imports36 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)420 kt (79%)Germany71 kt (13%)Czechia27 kt (5%)Slovakia7.5 kt (1%)Lithuania4.7 kt (<1%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply530 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Norway183 kt (est. 34%)
- Saudi Arabia154 kt (est. 29%)
- United States44 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria34 kt (est. 6%)
- Russia23 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom14 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan9.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 6%)
- Poland: crude not from imports36 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 419,584 | 79.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 71,046 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: petrol supply | 27,383 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 7,511 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: petrol supply | 4,671 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 167,509 | 39.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 148,245 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 35,880 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 31,268 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 30,031 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 20,219 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 17,227 | 62.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 14,208 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 9,860 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 8,960 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 7,048 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 6,434 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 6,228 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 5,408 | 72.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,679 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,959 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 2,338 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,280 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,098 | 27.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 1,804 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 1,466 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,296 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 909 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 899 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Germany | 537 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 492 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 484 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 423 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 143 | 68.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 39 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 19 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 9 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (35,880 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,280 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,824 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.