Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,457 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Sweden (10%), the Netherlands (9%) and Germany (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (42%), Saudi Arabia (22%) and the United States (11%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway605 kt (est. 42%)Saudi Arabia314 kt (est. 22%)United States159 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom67 kt (est. 5%)Russia31 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 2%)Iraq24 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins102 kt (est. 7%)United States: no crude data40 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports39 kt (3%)India: no crude data33 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)800 kt (55%)Sweden140 kt (10%)Netherlands125 kt (9%)Germany101 kt (7%)Belgium91 kt (6%)Lithuania44 kt (3%)United States40 kt (3%)Czechia39 kt (3%)India33 kt (2%)Finland33 kt (2%)Hungary10 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.46 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Sweden
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Belgium
- Lithuania
- United States
- Czechia
- Other (3)
- Norway605 kt (est. 42%)
- Saudi Arabia314 kt (est. 22%)
- United States159 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom67 kt (est. 5%)
- Russia31 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq24 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins102 kt (est. 7%)
- United States: no crude data40 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports39 kt (3%)
- India: no crude data33 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 800,000 | 54.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 140,136 | 9.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 124,901 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 101,363 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Poland: road diesel supply | 90,576 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 43,943 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 40,108 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: road diesel supply | 39,217 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Poland: road diesel supply | 33,240 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Poland: road diesel supply | 33,221 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: road diesel supply | 10,085 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 427,464 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 289,015 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 89,965 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 56,188 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 40,108 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 35,701 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 33,240 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 29,603 | 29.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 26,203 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 23,620 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 23,317 | 59.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 21,809 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 20,492 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 19,548 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 18,221 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 17,936 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 17,796 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 16,430 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 15,321 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 13,604 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 13,300 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 13,040 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 12,796 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 12,398 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 11,942 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 11,693 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 11,258 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 10,732 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 10,646 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 9,361 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 9,275 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,941 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8,507 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 7,764 | 77.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6,377 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 5,915 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,371 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 5,142 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 4,882 | 14.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4,394 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 3,985 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 3,815 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3,413 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,980 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 2,620 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 2,472 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 2,440 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 2,045 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,990 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,959 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1,699 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 1,687 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 1,441 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 1,241 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 988 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 802 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 483 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 477 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 311 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 311 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 210 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Germany | 106 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (40,108 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (38,568 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (33,240 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (13,033 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.