Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Poland's jet fuel supply was 113 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (52%), Saudi Arabia (35%) and the United States (7%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway59 kt (est. 52%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 35%)United States7.9 kt (est. 7%)Russia1.8 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom1.5 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan0.7 kt (est. <1%)Lithuania0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. <1%)Poland: crude not from imports1.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)110 kt (97%)Czechia3.0 kt (3%)Poland: jet fuel supply113 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Czechia
- Norway59 kt (est. 52%)
- Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 35%)
- United States7.9 kt (est. 7%)
- Russia1.8 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom1.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Lithuania0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Poland: crude not from imports1.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: jet fuel supply | 110,000 | 97.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Czechia | Poland: jet fuel supply | 3,000 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 58,776 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 39,740 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 7,726 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 1,871 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Czechia | 1,784 | 59.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 1,548 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 716 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Lithuania | Poland (own refineries) | 340 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 277 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 187 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 36 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (1,871 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (36 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.