Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Poland's petrol supply was 427 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (40%), Saudi Arabia (37%) and the United States (7%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway171 kt (est. 40%)Saudi Arabia158 kt (est. 37%)United States28 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom15 kt (est. 4%)Russia7.4 kt (est. 2%)Libya6.9 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan6.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)Poland: crude not from imports6.5 kt (2%)Poland: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)360 kt (84%)Germany56 kt (13%)Czechia5.5 kt (1%)Slovakia4.8 kt (1%)Hungary0.6 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply427 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- Norway171 kt (est. 40%)
- Saudi Arabia158 kt (est. 37%)
- United States28 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom15 kt (est. 4%)
- Russia7.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya6.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan6.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)
- Poland: crude not from imports6.5 kt (2%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 360,000 | 84.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 56,498 | 13.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: petrol supply | 5,517 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 4,808 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: petrol supply | 638 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 162,503 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 156,529 | 43.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 17,326 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 14,951 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 11,351 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 10,713 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 8,022 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 6,863 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 6,496 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6,047 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 5,377 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 4,285 | 89.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,918 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,660 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia | Czechia | 2,616 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,757 | 31.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,738 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,587 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 755 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 524 | 82.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 418 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 389 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 203 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 165 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 154 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 82 | 12.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 19 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 13 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (6,496 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Poland: crude origin not reported (5,377 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,049 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,985 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.