Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,539 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Sweden (9%) and Germany (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (37%), Saudi Arabia (35%) and the United States (7%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway563 kt (est. 37%)Saudi Arabia531 kt (est. 35%)United States106 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom81 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria50 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 1%)Libya19 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins61 kt (est. 4%)Poland: crude not from imports45 kt (3%)United States: no crude data30 kt (2%)Poland: crude origin not reported16 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)1.10 Mt (71%)Sweden136 kt (9%)Germany94 kt (6%)Lithuania71 kt (5%)Netherlands56 kt (4%)Belgium33 kt (2%)United States30 kt (2%)Czechia15 kt (<1%)Slovakia2.9 kt (<1%)Hungary1.8 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.54 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Sweden
- Germany
- Lithuania
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Czechia
- Other (2)
- Norway563 kt (est. 37%)
- Saudi Arabia531 kt (est. 35%)
- United States106 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom81 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria50 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya19 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins61 kt (est. 4%)
- Poland: crude not from imports45 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data30 kt (2%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported16 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,100,000 | 71.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 135,809 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 93,855 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 70,929 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 55,650 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Poland: road diesel supply | 33,037 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 30,489 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: road diesel supply | 14,610 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 2,872 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,805 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 506,100 | 46.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 436,107 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 73,323 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 44,729 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 35,894 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 35,894 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 30,489 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 24,779 | 34.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 24,245 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 23,331 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 22,470 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 21,881 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 18,590 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 18,448 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 16,152 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 15,032 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 14,532 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 14,465 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 12,979 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 12,703 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 11,317 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 10,587 | 72.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 10,010 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,817 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 9,119 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 8,029 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,123 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,967 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 5,943 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 5,804 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,117 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,125 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,951 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,756 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,695 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,551 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,506 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,027 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 2,951 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,936 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,788 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,755 | 95.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,713 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 1,795 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,708 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,580 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,464 | 81.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 876 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 559 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 416 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 358 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 223 | 12.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 118 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 117 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 85 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (44,729 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (30,489 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Poland: crude origin not reported (16,152 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (16,073 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (695 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.