Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Poland's petrol supply was 401 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (38%), Norway (29%) and the United States (10%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia151 kt (est. 38%)Norway116 kt (est. 29%)United States40 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria32 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom9.7 kt (est. 2%)Russia9.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins23 kt (est. 6%)Germany: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.5 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)310 kt (77%)Germany74 kt (18%)Czechia12 kt (3%)Hungary4.6 kt (1%)Slovakia1.0 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply401 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Czechia
- Hungary
- Slovakia
- Saudi Arabia151 kt (est. 38%)
- Norway116 kt (est. 29%)
- United States40 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria32 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom9.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Russia9.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 6%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 310,000 | 77.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 73,540 | 18.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: petrol supply | 11,734 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: petrol supply | 4,580 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 1,047 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 150,448 | 48.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 100,618 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 30,185 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 23,478 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 17,911 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 16,500 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 15,542 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 9,043 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 5,374 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia | Czechia | 5,214 | 44.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 4,831 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 4,791 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 4,054 | 34.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 3,444 | 75.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,328 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,111 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,601 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 979 | 93.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 775 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 627 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 479 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 237 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 138 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 125 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 68 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (5,374 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,513 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.