Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,613 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (11%), the Netherlands (7%) and the United States (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (36%), Norway (24%) and the United States (12%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia588 kt (est. 36%)Norway389 kt (est. 24%)United States195 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria106 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan48 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom40 kt (est. 2%)Libya15 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins54 kt (est. 3%)United States: no crude data86 kt (5%)Switzerland: no crude data33 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)1.09 Mt (68%)Germany177 kt (11%)Netherlands113 kt (7%)United States86 kt (5%)Sweden64 kt (4%)Switzerland33 kt (2%)Kuwait33 kt (2%)Lithuania12 kt (<1%)Hungary5.1 kt (<1%)Slovakialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.61 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Netherlands
- United States
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Kuwait
- Lithuania
- Other (2)
- Saudi Arabia588 kt (est. 36%)
- Norway389 kt (est. 24%)
- United States195 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria106 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan48 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom40 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya15 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins54 kt (est. 3%)
- United States: no crude data86 kt (5%)
- Switzerland: no crude data33 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,090,000 | 67.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 176,857 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 113,035 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 85,645 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 64,245 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Poland: road diesel supply | 33,172 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Poland: road diesel supply | 33,023 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 12,222 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: road diesel supply | 5,109 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 570,708 | 52.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 299,921 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 116,541 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 85,692 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 85,645 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 34,878 | 54.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 33,841 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 33,592 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 33,172 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 33,023 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 32,890 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 28,233 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 22,281 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 21,192 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 17,362 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland (own refineries) | 17,138 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 16,079 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 14,980 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 13,662 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 11,254 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 10,747 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,424 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 9,124 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8,968 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,637 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 6,786 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,722 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 4,940 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 4,479 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 4,004 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,979 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,531 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,588 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,810 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 1,615 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 1,103 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,076 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 882 | 17.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 561 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 248 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2 | 92.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 0 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (85,645 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Switzerland: no crude data (33,172 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (33,023 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23,511 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,470 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.