Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,560 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (13%), the United States (7%) and Belgium (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (36%), Norway (26%) and the United States (12%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia560 kt (est. 36%)Norway403 kt (est. 26%)United States181 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan65 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom40 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria36 kt (est. 2%)Libya19 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins76 kt (est. 5%)United States: no crude data107 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported20 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)952 kt (61%)Germany199 kt (13%)United States107 kt (7%)Belgium102 kt (7%)Netherlands75 kt (5%)Sweden65 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia33 kt (2%)Lithuania19 kt (1%)Slovakia8.5 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.56 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- United States
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Saudi Arabia
- Lithuania
- Other (1)
- Saudi Arabia560 kt (est. 36%)
- Norway403 kt (est. 26%)
- United States181 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan65 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom40 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria36 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya19 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins76 kt (est. 5%)
- United States: no crude data107 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported20 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 951,540 | 61.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 198,727 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 106,779 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Poland: road diesel supply | 101,703 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 75,308 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Poland: road diesel supply | 65,452 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland: road diesel supply | 32,724 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 18,996 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 8,533 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 526,255 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 299,977 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 106,779 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 94,259 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 36,851 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 36,534 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 35,493 | 54.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 32,724 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 28,591 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 28,455 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 24,053 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 20,214 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 19,560 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 18,804 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 18,448 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 16,936 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 15,530 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 14,641 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland (own refineries) | 14,113 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 13,451 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 13,120 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 13,079 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 11,051 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 10,482 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 10,257 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 9,106 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,715 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 8,584 | 45.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 8,156 | 95.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 7,497 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 7,363 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 6,164 | 32.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 6,056 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,776 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,258 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 4,782 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,048 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 3,722 | 5.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,200 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 3,187 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,587 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,123 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,741 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Poland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 1,482 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 377 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 178 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (106,779 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (32,724 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (19,560 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,604 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,301 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.