Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Poland's petrol supply was 480 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (44%), Norway (29%) and the United States (11%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia213 kt (est. 44%)Norway137 kt (est. 29%)United States55 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria10 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom9.4 kt (est. 2%)Libya7.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins19 kt (est. 4%)Germany: crude origin not reported9.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)379 kt (79%)Germany92 kt (19%)Slovakia5.7 kt (1%)Lithuania3.2 kt (<1%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply480 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovakia
- Lithuania
- Hungary
- Saudi Arabia213 kt (est. 44%)
- Norway137 kt (est. 29%)
- United States55 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria10 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom9.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya7.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins19 kt (est. 4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported9.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 378,779 | 78.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 92,498 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 5,748 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: petrol supply | 3,151 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 209,486 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 119,412 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 37,522 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 17,153 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 17,005 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 13,308 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 13,244 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 9,104 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,752 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 7,228 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 6,742 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland (own refineries) | 5,618 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 5,494 | 95.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,489 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 2,226 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 1,424 | 45.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 1,022 | 32.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 988 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 429 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 254 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 246 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 172 | 75.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 34 | 15.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 30 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 21 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (9,104 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,052 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.