Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Poland's petrol supply was 498 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (44%), Norway (29%) and the United States (10%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia220 kt (est. 44%)Norway142 kt (est. 29%)United States50 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom22 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 4%)Libya7.7 kt (est. 2%)Iraq5.1 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins18 kt (est. 4%)Germany: crude origin not reported6.9 kt (1%)Poland: crude not from imports5.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)384 kt (77%)Germany86 kt (17%)Lithuania22 kt (4%)Slovakia5.3 kt (1%)Hungary0.5 kt (<1%)Czechialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply498 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Saudi Arabia220 kt (est. 44%)
- Norway142 kt (est. 29%)
- United States50 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom22 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya7.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq5.1 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins18 kt (est. 4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported6.9 kt (1%)
- Poland: crude not from imports5.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 384,342 | 77.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 85,540 | 17.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: petrol supply | 22,038 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 5,297 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: petrol supply | 507 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 205,879 | 53.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 122,076 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 33,305 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 16,234 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 15,647 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 12,349 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 11,225 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 10,571 | 48.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 9,037 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 7,703 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 7,661 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 6,933 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland (own refineries) | 5,963 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 5,894 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,146 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 4,850 | 91.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 4,634 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 3,324 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,228 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,620 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,602 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Lithuania | 889 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 447 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 354 | 69.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 78 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 76 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1 | 84.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 0 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude origin not reported (6,933 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Poland: crude not from imports (5,894 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,127 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.