Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Poland's jet fuel supply was 168 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (42%), Norway (26%) and the United States (9%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia70 kt (est. 42%)Norway44 kt (est. 26%)United States15 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom10 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan6.1 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria4.2 kt (est. 3%)Brazil2.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins4.0 kt (est. 2%)Poland: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)140 kt (83%)Netherlands28 kt (17%)Poland: jet fuel supply168 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia70 kt (est. 42%)
- Norway44 kt (est. 26%)
- United States15 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom10 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan6.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria4.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil2.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins4.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: jet fuel supply | 140,000 | 83.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Poland: jet fuel supply | 28,313 | 16.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 69,677 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 38,547 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 9,598 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 8,241 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 7,827 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,882 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 5,025 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,997 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,272 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland (own refineries) | 2,867 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,590 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 2,586 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,470 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,317 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,649 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 723 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 658 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 387 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude origin not reported (8,241 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,317 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,045 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.