Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Poland's petrol supply was 472 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (41%), Norway (26%) and the United States (8%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia193 kt (est. 41%)Norway121 kt (est. 26%)United States39 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom30 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan17 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria9.9 kt (est. 2%)Libya8.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins23 kt (est. 5%)Poland: crude origin not reported22 kt (5%)Germany: crude origin not reported4.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.5 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)374 kt (79%)Germany78 kt (17%)Lithuania13 kt (3%)Slovakia7.5 kt (2%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply472 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Lithuania
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- Saudi Arabia193 kt (est. 41%)
- Norway121 kt (est. 26%)
- United States39 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom30 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan17 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria9.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya8.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 5%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported22 kt (5%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported4.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 373,996 | 79.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 78,187 | 16.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: petrol supply | 12,562 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 7,480 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 186,134 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 102,974 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 25,640 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 22,014 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 20,909 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 14,924 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 13,974 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 12,466 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 9,146 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 8,565 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland (own refineries) | 7,659 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 7,208 | 96.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 6,908 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 6,569 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,920 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 4,726 | 37.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 3,558 | 28.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,008 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,425 | 19.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,321 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 2,293 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 1,757 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Lithuania | 982 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 448 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 423 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 272 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 137 | 77.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 24 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 15 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude origin not reported (22,014 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (4,920 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,525 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.