Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Poland's petrol supply was 427 kt: 81% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (44%), Norway (23%) and the United States (8%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia189 kt (est. 44%)Norway100 kt (est. 23%)United States35 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom16 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan9.5 kt (est. 2%)Russia8.9 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria8.1 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins20 kt (est. 5%)Poland: crude origin not reported34 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.7 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)344 kt (81%)Germany67 kt (16%)Slovakia7.2 kt (2%)Lithuania3.3 kt (<1%)Czechia2.9 kt (<1%)Hungary1.8 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply427 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Saudi Arabia189 kt (est. 44%)
- Norway100 kt (est. 23%)
- United States35 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom16 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan9.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Russia8.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria8.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins20 kt (est. 5%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported34 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 344,416 | 80.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 67,160 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 7,215 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: petrol supply | 3,281 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: petrol supply | 2,897 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: petrol supply | 1,761 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 186,253 | 54.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 84,053 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 33,706 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 23,808 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 18,514 | 27.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 14,597 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 11,215 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 9,365 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 8,987 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 6,428 | 89.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 6,345 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 6,021 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,679 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,768 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 1,399 | 79.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,372 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 1,303 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,116 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 1,095 | 33.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 1,091 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,008 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 886 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 522 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 449 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 440 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 292 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 265 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 257 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 158 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 138 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 71 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 53 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 35 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 30 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 14 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude origin not reported (33,706 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,709 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,687 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.