Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,635 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (13%), the Netherlands (6%) and Finland (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (36%), Norway (23%) and the United States (8%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia581 kt (est. 36%)Norway372 kt (est. 23%)United States133 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria82 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom81 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan41 kt (est. 3%)Libya27 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins57 kt (est. 4%)Poland: crude origin not reported85 kt (5%)United States: no crude data75 kt (5%)Poland: crude not from imports50 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported23 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)1.03 Mt (63%)Germany215 kt (13%)Netherlands103 kt (6%)Finland98 kt (6%)Lithuania79 kt (5%)United States75 kt (5%)Denmark15 kt (<1%)Slovakia8.3 kt (<1%)Austria4.0 kt (<1%)Czechia2.8 kt (<1%)Hungary1.3 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.63 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Finland
- Lithuania
- United States
- Denmark
- Slovakia
- Other (3)
- Saudi Arabia581 kt (est. 36%)
- Norway372 kt (est. 23%)
- United States133 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria82 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom81 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan41 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya27 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins57 kt (est. 4%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported85 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data75 kt (5%)
- Poland: crude not from imports50 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported23 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,032,254 | 63.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 214,714 | 13.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 103,094 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Poland: road diesel supply | 98,436 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: road diesel supply | 79,474 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 74,779 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Poland: road diesel supply | 15,450 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: road diesel supply | 8,312 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Poland: road diesel supply | 4,001 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: road diesel supply | 2,785 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 524,117 | 50.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 207,130 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 85,456 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Finland | 80,481 | 81.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 74,779 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 67,032 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 64,890 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 50,431 | 63.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 50,083 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 44,114 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 35,275 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 33,545 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 24,942 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 23,533 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 22,557 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 22,556 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 22,189 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,312 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 18,287 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 17,805 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 16,290 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 15,105 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 10,762 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 9,760 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 8,984 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 8,429 | 8.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 7,860 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 6,847 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,533 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,204 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 5,252 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 5,074 | 32.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 4,019 | 4.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3,774 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,716 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 3,518 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 3,274 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 2,795 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 2,233 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 2,196 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,984 | 71.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,939 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,373 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,042 | 77.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 867 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 770 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 729 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 452 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 431 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 370 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 357 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 309 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 277 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 224 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 197 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 73 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 72 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 22 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude origin not reported (85,456 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (74,779 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Poland: crude not from imports (50,083 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (22,557 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (17,638 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,132 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.