Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Poland's jet fuel supply was 104 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (49%), Norway (19%) and Nigeria (6%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia51 kt (est. 49%)Norway20 kt (est. 19%)Nigeria6.5 kt (est. 6%)United States6.3 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom3.2 kt (est. 3%)Russia1.6 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan1.5 kt (est. 1%)Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. <1%)Poland: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (8%)Poland: crude not from imports4.9 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)100 kt (96%)Czechia3.8 kt (4%)Slovakia0.4 kt (<1%)Poland: jet fuel supply104 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Saudi Arabia51 kt (est. 49%)
- Norway20 kt (est. 19%)
- Nigeria6.5 kt (est. 6%)
- United States6.3 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom3.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan1.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Kazakhstan0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (8%)
- Poland: crude not from imports4.9 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: jet fuel supply | 100,000 | 96.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Czechia | Poland: jet fuel supply | 3,781 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: jet fuel supply | 404 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 50,774 | 50.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 20,066 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 8,279 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 6,494 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 6,286 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 4,852 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 3,250 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 1,500 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 1,193 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 585 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 503 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 382 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 22 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude origin not reported (8,279 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Poland: crude not from imports (4,852 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (503 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.