Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Poland's petrol supply was 459 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (39%), Norway (19%) and the United States (8%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia179 kt (est. 39%)Norway88 kt (est. 19%)United States36 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria26 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom21 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 3%)Russia12 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 6%)Poland: crude origin not reported28 kt (6%)Poland: crude not from imports16 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported9.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)338 kt (74%)Germany88 kt (19%)Czechia16 kt (4%)Lithuania7.9 kt (2%)Slovakia6.3 kt (1%)Austria1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary0.8 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply459 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Czechia
- Lithuania
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Hungary
- France
- Other (1)
- Saudi Arabia179 kt (est. 39%)
- Norway88 kt (est. 19%)
- United States36 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria26 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom21 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia12 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 6%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported28 kt (6%)
- Poland: crude not from imports16 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported9.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 338,072 | 73.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 88,277 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: petrol supply | 16,174 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: petrol supply | 7,914 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 6,340 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Poland: petrol supply | 994 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: petrol supply | 786 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 171,653 | 50.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 67,837 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 27,988 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 21,954 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 21,252 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 19,377 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 18,137 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 16,402 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 14,503 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 10,986 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 9,675 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 9,274 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 9,274 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 6,415 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 5,995 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 5,104 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 5,022 | 63.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,694 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,815 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 2,503 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 2,151 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 1,622 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,528 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 972 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 583 | 74.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 546 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 345 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 278 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 209 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 162 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 89 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 77 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 56 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 28 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 20 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 18 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 13 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2 | 57.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2 | 31.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 0 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 0 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 0 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 0 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude origin not reported (27,988 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Poland: crude not from imports (16,402 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (9,274 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,205 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (89 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.