Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Poland's jet fuel supply was 130 kt: 100% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (38%), Saudi Arabia (37%) and the United Kingdom (7%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway50 kt (est. 38%)Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 37%)United Kingdom9.4 kt (est. 7%)Algeria7.2 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Poland: crude origin not reported9.9 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)129 kt (100%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Poland: jet fuel supply130 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Norway50 kt (est. 38%)
- Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 37%)
- United Kingdom9.4 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria7.2 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported9.9 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: jet fuel supply | 129,414 | 99.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Poland: jet fuel supply | 205 | 0.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 49,535 | 38.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 47,864 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 9,923 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 9,367 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Poland (own refineries) | 7,157 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 5,139 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 429 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 205 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 16 | 30.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 12 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 1 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 0 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude origin not reported (9,923 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (429 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (205 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (205 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.