Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Poland's petrol supply was 594 kt: 73% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (17%) and Lithuania (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (31%), Norway (30%) and the United Kingdom (8%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia184 kt (est. 31%)Norway175 kt (est. 30%)United Kingdom46 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria28 kt (est. 5%)United States25 kt (est. 4%)Algeria22 kt (est. 4%)Libya18 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins64 kt (est. 11%)Poland: crude not from imports16 kt (3%)Poland: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (1%)Germany: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)436 kt (73%)Germany104 kt (17%)Lithuania32 kt (5%)Czechia14 kt (2%)Slovakia5.2 kt (<1%)Hungary3.6 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlandsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland: petrol supply594 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Lithuania
- Czechia
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- Italy
- France
- Other (1)
- Saudi Arabia184 kt (est. 31%)
- Norway175 kt (est. 30%)
- United Kingdom46 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria28 kt (est. 5%)
- United States25 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria22 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya18 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins64 kt (est. 11%)
- Poland: crude not from imports16 kt (3%)
- Poland: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: petrol supply | 435,688 | 73.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: petrol supply | 103,779 | 17.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Poland: petrol supply | 32,143 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: petrol supply | 13,817 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Poland: petrol supply | 5,229 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Poland: petrol supply | 3,576 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 170,061 | 39.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 141,715 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 30,823 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 30,149 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 25,784 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 18,477 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland (own refineries) | 17,109 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 17,023 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude not from imports | Poland (own refineries) | 16,011 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Poland (own refineries) | 14,321 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 12,615 | 39.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 12,355 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland (own refineries) | 12,310 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's petrol to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 11,392 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 9,365 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Poland: crude origin not reported | Poland (own refineries) | 8,228 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 7,798 | 56.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 6,742 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 4,871 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 4,794 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Poland split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 4,716 | 90.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 4,104 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 3,256 | 91.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Poland split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 2,545 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 2,287 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,135 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 1,915 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 509 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 498 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 320 | 9.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 4 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1 | 36.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 1 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 0 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 0 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 0 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 0 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 0 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 0 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 0 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 0 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Poland split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 0 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Poland split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of petrol in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Poland: crude not from imports (16,011 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Poland: crude origin not reported (8,228 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (6,742 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (824 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.