Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Poland's jet fuel supply was 154 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (47%), Norway (34%) and Guyana (10%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia73 kt (est. 47%)Norway52 kt (est. 34%)Guyana16 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom4.6 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria3.1 kt (est. 2%)United States1.5 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan1.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.0 kt (est. 1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)146 kt (95%)Netherlands7.6 kt (5%)Slovakia0.2 kt (<1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Poland: jet fuel supply154 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Saudi Arabia73 kt (est. 47%)
- Norway52 kt (est. 34%)
- Guyana16 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom4.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria3.1 kt (est. 2%)
- United States1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: jet fuel supply | 145,801 | 94.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Poland: jet fuel supply | 7,564 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Poland: jet fuel supply | 358 | 0.2% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Slovakia | Poland: jet fuel supply | 191 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 72,635 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 50,484 | 34.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Poland (own refineries) | 16,075 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 3,997 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland (own refineries) | 2,611 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,789 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,552 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,481 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,133 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 616 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 468 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 438 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 358 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 186 | 97.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 86 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 26 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 24 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 20 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 13 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 8 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 5 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 5 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Poland split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 4 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Poland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (476 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (358 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (358 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.