Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Poland's road diesel supply was 1,862 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (13%), the Netherlands (9%) and Finland (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (32%), Norway (32%) and Guyana (9%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia602 kt (est. 32%)Norway596 kt (est. 32%)Guyana161 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom77 kt (est. 4%)United States75 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan71 kt (est. 4%)Libya34 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins128 kt (est. 7%)United States: no crude data74 kt (4%)Germany: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.7 kt (<1%)Poland (own refineries)1.22 Mt (65%)Germany233 kt (13%)Netherlands166 kt (9%)Finland104 kt (6%)United States74 kt (4%)Belgium33 kt (2%)Czechia24 kt (1%)Austria8.4 kt (<1%)India1.7 kt (<1%)Denmark1.7 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.8 kt (<1%)Poland: road diesel supply1.86 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Poland (own refineries)
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Finland
- United States
- Belgium
- Czechia
- Austria
- Other (4)
- Saudi Arabia602 kt (est. 32%)
- Norway596 kt (est. 32%)
- Guyana161 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom77 kt (est. 4%)
- United States75 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan71 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins128 kt (est. 7%)
- United States: no crude data74 kt (4%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poland (own refineries) | Poland: road diesel supply | 1,215,300 | 65.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Poland: road diesel supply | 233,248 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Poland: road diesel supply | 165,558 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Poland: road diesel supply | 104,439 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Poland: road diesel supply | 73,743 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Poland: road diesel supply | 32,953 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Poland: road diesel supply | 24,170 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Poland: road diesel supply | 8,418 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Poland (own refineries) | 596,040 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland (own refineries) | 433,652 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Poland (own refineries) | 153,454 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 80,538 | 77.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 73,743 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 55,744 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 46,573 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 36,216 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 34,622 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 32,965 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 32,320 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 32,269 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland (own refineries) | 32,154 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Poland split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 31,570 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 23,292 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 22,533 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 19,177 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 13,373 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,684 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 9,606 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 8,434 | 34.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 7,984 | 7.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,642 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 6,354 | 6.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,979 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 5,385 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 5,284 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Finland | 5,141 | 4.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4,898 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,702 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 4,422 | 4.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Poland split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Belgium | 3,877 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 3,343 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,701 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 2,211 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Poland split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 1,981 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,876 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Poland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 1,732 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,285 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Poland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,003 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 988 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 889 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 714 | 109.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Poland split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 644 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 545 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 485 | 29.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Austria | 470 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Poland split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 451 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 386 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 365 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 193 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Poland split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 59 | 44.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Poland split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 59 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Poland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 7 | 28.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Poland split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 4 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Poland split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Poland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (73,743 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (19,177 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (12,307 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,963 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,732 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.